| Sažetak | Mehanizmi koje Lavie (1995) zahvaća svojom teorijom perceptivnog opterećenja stoje u
pozadini (ne)distraktibilnosti za vrijeme fokusiranja na određeni zadatak. Naime, autorica
pretpostavlja da distraktori neće doseći svijest u situaciji kada je osoba usmjerena na zadatak
visokog perceptivnog opterećenja, dok će s druge strane, osoba biti svjesna distraktora
ukoliko je usmjerena na zadatak manjeg perceptivnog opterećenja (Lavie, Beck i
Konstantinou, 2014). Cilj provedenog istraživanja bio je provjeriti efekte vanjskog
irelevantnog distraktora na uspješnost učenika petih razreda osnovne škole u zadatku vidnog
pretraživanja. Kako bi se to ispitalo provedena su dva eksperimenta unutar kojih su ispitanici
rješavali zadatak vidnog pretraživanja. Oba postupka su bila skoro identična osim razlike u
veličini i poziciji vanjskog irelevantnog distraktora u spomenutom zadatku. Uz zadatak
vidnog pretraživanja učenici su ispunjavali upitnik hiperaktivnosti-impulzivnosti-pažnje
(HIP). Forster, Robertson, Jennings, Asherson i Lavie (2015) su povećanjem perceptivnog
opterećenja ciljnog zadatka uspjeli eliminirati distraktibilnost kod odraslih ljudi s dijagnozom
poremećaja deficita pažnje i hiperaktivnosti (PDPH). Bilo je zanimljivo u provedenim
eksperimentima ispitati kako će vanjski irelevantni distraktor utjecati na učenike i učenice
petih razreda s različitom zastupljenošću simptoma spomenutog poremećaja. U oba
eksperimenta uspješno je manipulirano perceptivno opterećenje, no efekt perceptivnog
opterećenja kakav pretpostavlja Lavie (1995) dobiven je samo u drugom eksperimentu i to za
vrijeme odgovora. U istom dijelu istraživanja vanjski irelevantni distraktor značajno je
umanjivao točnost ispitanika u zadatku vidnog pretraživanja kako se povećavalo perceptivno
opterećenje, što nije u skladu s očekivanjima teorije perceptivnog opterećenja. Nadalje, efekti
spola su dobiveni samo u drugom provedenom eksperimentu. Odnosno, vanjski irelevantni
distraktor je kod učenica umanjio točnost na zadatku vidnog pretraživanja ali ne i kod
učenika. U provedenim eksperimentima je dobiveno kako ispitanici s više simptoma
impulzivnosti i deficita pažnje griješe značajno više u zadatku vidnog pretraživanja od
ispitanika s manje simptoma istih značajki PDPH-a, ali taj efekt pod najvećim i najmanjim
perceptivnim opterećenjem ne postoji. Konačno, više očekivanih efekata dobiveno je u
drugom provedenom eksperimentu na temelju čega bi se možda moglo zaključiti da će
učenike i učenice lakše omesti oni vanjski irelevantni distraktori koje ne očekuju i koji se
zbog svoje pozicije mogu doživjeti kao dio zadatka a ne pozadine. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | The mechanisms that Lavie (1995) encompasses with her perceptual load therory lies in the
background of (in)distractibility during focusing on a certain task. It, in fact, presupposes that
distracters would not reach the consciousness in a situation when a person is focused on a task
of high perceptual load, while on the other hand, a person would be aware of distracters if
focused on a task of low perceptual load (Lavie, Beck & Konstantinou, 2014). The aim of the
conducted research was to investigate the effects of outer irrelevant distracters on the success
of fifth grade primary school pupils in a task of visual search. In order to examine it, two
experiments were conducted under which the respondents solved the tasks of visual search.
Both procedures were almost identical except for the size and position of the outer irrelevant
distracters in the mentioned task. Besides the task of visual search, the pupils also completed a
hyperactivity-impulsivity- attention questionnaire (HIA). By increasing the perceptual load of
target task, Forster, Robertson, Jennings, Asherson & Lavie (2015), managed to eliminate
distractibility among adults with ADHD. In the conducted experiments it was interesting to
investigate how outer irrelevant distracters would affect fifth grade pupils with different
representation of symptoms of the mentioned disorder. In both experiments, perceptual load
was successfully manipulated, but the effect that Lavie (2015) presupposes was obtained only
in the second experiment for response time. In the same part of the research, outer irrelevant
distracters significantly decreased the accuracy of respondents during the task of visual search
with the increase of perceptual load which, does not agree with the expectations of the theory
of perceptual load. Further, the effects of sex were only gained in the second experiment.
Outer irrelevant distracters decreased accuracy in a task of visual search among female pupils
but not with male pupils. In the conducted experiments it was obtained that the respondents
with more symptoms of impulsivity and attention make much more mistakes in a task of
visual search then the respondents with less symptoms of the same kind of ADHD
characteristics, but the effect under the highest and the lowest load does not exist. Finally,
more expected effects were obtained in the second conducted experiment on the basis of
which it can be concluded that the pupils are more easily distracted by the unexpected outer
irrelevant distracters which, due to their position, can be perceived as part of a task and not as
background. |
