| Abstract | Dalmatinsko srednjovjekovlje spomenički je izuzetno bogato razdoblje. Društvo u cjelini je tijekom tih nekoliko stoljeća prolazilo kroz brojne procese koji su se odražavali u svim aspektima materijalnog stvaralaštva, posebice u arhitekturi čiji jedan dio ovdje obrađujemo. Kraj antike, stvaranje i nestanak rane hrvatske države, formiranje srednjovjekovnog plemstva, izmjene vladarskih dinastija, razvoj komuna na obali, uloga Crkve, uspostava mletačke vlasti, osmanska prijetnja - sve su to događaji koji su obilježili ove prostore od 6. do prva tri desetljeća 16. stoljeća - s naglaskom na razdoblje razvijenog i kasnog srednjeg vijeka tj. vrijeme od 14. do kraja 15. i početka 16. stoljeća. Fortifikacijska arhitektura pratila je te društvene promjene te im se na različite načine prilagođavala postavši tako odraz vremena u kojem nastaje. U smislu fortifikacija prostor doživljava različite promjene. Tijekom prapovijesti, tadašnje utvrde (gradine) kojih je sačuvano na stotine govore o velikoj „rascjepkanosti“ prostora – kakva neće postojati u kasnijim razdobljima – ali isto tako i o njegovoj povezanosti sustavom vizualne komunikacije između pojedinih gradina. U prvim stoljećima nakon Krista taj isti prostor se integrira i kontrolira iz samo nekoliko utvrđenja izrazito vojničkog karaktera. Krajem antike dolazi do ponovnog aktiviranja ranijih gradinskih položaja i stvaranja novih strateških sustava. Dio ovog kasnoantičkog naslijeđa prenosi se i u srednji vijek tijekom kojega razlikujemo tri osnove faze u razvoju fortifikacijske arhitekture. Prva faza utvrđivanja vezana je za ranosrednjovjekovno razdoblje i formiranje županijskog ustroja tj. županijskih središta koja se u pogledu infrastrukture samih utvrda kao i njihovih teritorija te komunikacija jako oslanjaju na ranije antičko, točnije kasnoantičko naslijeđe. Iako može biti i drugačijih primjera tj. utvrda koje nisu županijska središta, o arhitekturi jednih i drugih je teško išta više govoriti. Druga faza gradnje fortifikacija vezana je za razdoblje od 1. polovice 14. stoljeća do sredine 15. stoljeća kada se podižu potpuno nove utvrde, a one ranije županijske se nadograđuju. Utvrde najčešće podižu lokalni velikaši (uz privolu vladara) kako bi osigurali svoja sjedišta i posjede. Za razliku od prijašnjeg razdoblja, ovo je vrijeme kada puno detaljnije možemo govoriti o arhitekturi utvrda koja je apsolutno koncipirana u okvirima fortifikacijske arhitekture razvijenog i kasnog srednjeg vijeka s ponekom „lokalnom“ karakteristikom u smislu prilagođavanja pojedinih objekata potrebama i situacijama na terenu. Treća faza započinje sredinom 15. stoljeća i traje do samog početka 16. stoljeća i unutar odabranog prostora sagledavamo je isključivo u kontekstu ratova s Osmanlijama. U arhitektonskom smislu tu dolazi do prilagođavanja ranije gradnje kao i potpuno novih gradnji koje su uvelike u skladu s novim principima ratovanja tj. obrane iako se na nekima primjećuje povezanost s ranijim graditeljskim tradicijama. |
| Abstract (english) | The Dalmatian Middle Ages are an extremely rich period in terms of monuments. Society as a whole has gone through numerous changes during these few centuries, which have been reflected in all aspects of material creation, especially in architecture, one part of which we deal with here. The end of antiquity, the creation and disappearance of the early Croatian state, the formation of the medieval nobility, changes in ruling dynasties, the development of towns on the coast, the role of the Church, the establishment of Venetian rule, the Ottoman threat - all these events marked this area from 6th to the first three decades of 16th century - with an emphasis on the period of the Hihg and Late Middle Ages, ie the time from the 14th to the end of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th century. Fortification architecture followed these social changes and adapted to them in various ways, reflecting the time in which it was created. In terms of fortifications, the space also is experiencing various changes. During prehistory, the fortifications of the time, of which hundreds have been preserved, speak of the great "fragmentation" of space - which will not exist in later periods - but also of its connection with the system of visual communication between individual forts. In the first centuries AD, this same space was integrated and controlled from only a few fortifications of a distinctly military character. At the end of antiquity, the former hillfort positions were reactivated and new strategic systems were created. Part of this late antique heritage is transferred to the Middle Ages, during which we distinguish three basic stages in the development of fortification architecture. The first phase of fortification is related to the early medieval period and the formation of the counties, ie county centers, which in terms of infrastructure of the fortifications as well as their territories and communications rely heavily on earlier roman, or rather late roman heritage. Although there may be other examples, ie fortifications that are not county centers, it is difficult to say something more about the architecture of both. The second phase of construction of fortifications is related to the period from the first half of the 14th century to the middle of the 15th century, when completely new fortifications were built, and the earlier ones were rebuild. The forts are most often build by local nobles (with the consent of the ruler) to secure their seats and estates. Unlike the previous period, this is a time when we can talk more detail about the architecture of fortifications, which is absolutely conceived within the fortification architecture of the High and Late Middle Ages with some "local" characteristics in terms of adapting individual buildings to the needs and situations on the ground. The third phase begins in the middle of the 15th century and lasts until the very beginning of the 16th century, and within the chosen area we look at it exclusively in the context of the wars with the Ottomans. In the architectural sense, there is an adjustment of earlier construction as well as completely new constructions that are largely in line with the new principles of warfare, ie defense, although some show a connection with earlier architectural traditions. |
