| Abstract | Samostan Sv. Ante na Poljudu osnovan je sredinom 15. stoljeća kao kuća reformiranih franjevaca, o čemu svjedoče najraniji sačuvani dokumenti o gradnji i službenoj predaji samostana opservantskoj Bosanskoj vikariji. Osnutak samostana obilježen je ličnošću kardinala Basiliusa Bessariona, poznatog humanista i borca za obranu kršćanske Europe od osmanskih osvajanja, koji je franjevcima opservantima 1450. godine prepustio jedan od posjeda svoje splitske komende u svrhu gradnje samostana. U radu se iznosi hipoteza o osobnom zalaganju kardinala za osnutak kuće franjevaca opservanata u Splitu, posvjedočenom darivanjem relikvije sv. Bazilija pronađene prilikom recentne razgradnje glavnoga oltara. Poljudski samostan sagrađen je kao skladna arhitektonska cjelina koja sadržava sve građevine i prostore potrebne redovničkoj zajednici za vršenje liturgijskih, duhovnih, intelektualnih, gospodarskih i ostalih radnji. Samostan slijedi uobičajenu prostornu dispoziciju dalmatinskih franjevačkih kuća, s pravilno orijentiranom jednobrodnom crkvom u južnom dijelu sklopa, izduženim krilom samostana u sjevernom produžetku apside i sjevernim krilom okomito priključenim na istočno. Crkva i dva krila samostana formiraju pravokutni klaustar, sa zapadne strane zatvoren visokim zidom. Ratna ugroza uvjetovala je gradnju izvidničkoobrambene kule pravokutnog tlocrta uz obodni zid klaustra 1538. godine a sredinom istog stoljeća crkvi se s južne strane prigrađuju dvije kapele. Osnutak poljudskog samostana primjer je uobičajene prakse poticanja osnivanja samostana prosjačkih redova od strane Mletačke Republike budući da su ove zajednice svojim pastoralnim djelovanjem, a osobito propovijedima o važnosti kršćanskog milosrđa prema bližnjemu, imali pozitivan utjecaj na održavanje komunalnog mira, a time i stabilnost mletačke vlasti. Sačuvani oporučni zapisi pomažu u stvaranju slike o recepciji i položaju prosjačkih redova u renesansnom Splitu dok nadgrobni spomenici i arhivski grafički dokumenti svjedoče popularnost franjevačkog opservantskog i konventualnog samostana kao mjesta ukopa različitih staleža splitskog stanovništva, i to plemstva pretežno u poljudskom samostanu a građanstva i nižih slojeva u samostanu Sv. Frane na obali. Splitski samostani franjevaca konventualaca i dominikanaca su u dugim stoljećima svojeg postojanja doživjeli radikalne pregradnje, pa i potpuna rušenja, te u njima nažalost nije sačuvan veći broj konstruktivnih i arhitektonsko-dekorativnih elemenata renesansnog oblikovanja, kao ni pokretnog inventara iz istog razdoblja. Međutim, poljudski samostan je u velikoj mjeri zadržao izvorne oblike i opremu svojih funkcionalnih jedinica, naravno, uz preinake i dogradnje koje neizbježno donosi kontinuitet stoljetne uporabe. U bogatom renesansnom sloju poljudskog sklopa brojnošću i kvalitetom oblikovanja ističe se skupina nadgrobnih ploča čiji vegetabilni motivi dekorativnih okvira poljudskih ploča svoje izvorište nalaze u dekorativnom repertoaru Nikole Firentinca. Poveznica s Firentinčevim umjetničkim krugom je i poznata atribucija poljudske ploče s likom mlade plemkinje Marinu u, s kojim se u ovom radu povezuje i klesana oprema pročelja palače Pavlović na Narodnom trgu u Splitu. Reljef lunete glavnog portala poljudske crkve vrlo je kvalitetno kiparsko djelo renesansnog oblikovanja za kojega se radi relevantnih arhivskih podataka predlaže korekcija vremena nastanka, sa prve polovine 16. stoljeća na zadnju četvrtinu 15. stoljeća. Datacija zapadne kapele prigrađene uz južni dio broda poljudske crkve u sredinu 16. stoljeća potvrđuje se analizom komparativnih primjera dok se nastanak istočne kapele u ovom radu vezuje uz oporučni zapis iz 1531. godine. Prva polovina 16. stoljeća vrijeme je nastanka renesansno oblikovane kolonade poljudskog klaustra i opremanja refektorija kamenim namještajem a u isto doba (1527. godine) nastaje i najvrijednije slikarsko djelo poljudskog samostana, ali i cjelokupnog korpusa splitskog renesansnog slikarstva, portret biskupa Tome Nigrisa autora Lorenza Lotta. Poljudski samostanski vrt, vrijedan primjer naše renesansne hortikulturne baštine, svjedoči uključenost franjevaca opservanata u suvremene kulturne tokove, dok su veze mendikantskih zajednica renesansnog Splita s humanističkom elitom svojega vremena posvjedočene primjerima kontakata i međusobnih utjecaja dviju skupina. Splitske humaniste i mendikante povezivalo je zajedničko nastojanje oko pokretanja civilnih i crkvenih vlasti, ali i puka, na organizirani otpor nadirućoj osmanskoj sili, i to kroz književna (pretežno latinska) djela humanista, kao i propovijedi fratara upućene najširim slojevima. |
| Abstract (english) | The friary of St. Anthony in Poljud was founded in the mid-15th century by the reformed Franciscans, as witnessed by the earliest preserved documents regarding its construction and commendment to Bosnian vicary. Founding of the friary is marked by the figure of cardinal Basilius Bessarion, prominent humanist and fighter for the defence of Christian Europe form Osman conquers, who bequeathed one of the possessions of his Split commend for the purpose of building the friary. In this work, a hypothesis of cardinal`s personal commitment to the founding of Observant Franciscan house in Split is presented, witnessed by the act of gifting of St. Basilius` relic. Poljud friary contains all the buildings and spaces that friars needed to perform liturgical, spiritual, intellectual, economic and other activities. The friary follows the usual spatial disposition of the Dalmatian Franciscan houses, with a single nave church in the southern part of the complex, elongated monastery wing in the northern extension of the apse and the northern wing, perpendicularly attached onto the eastern one. The church and two wings form a rectangular cloister, closed off on the western side by a tall wall. Due to the continuous state of war a reconnaissance-defensive tower was built by the western cloister wall in 1538, while two chapels on the southern side of the church were built soon after. The Republic of Venice usually encouraged the founding of Observant houses, as in the case of Poljud friary, since the friars` preaching on the importance of Christian charity had a positive impact on the communal piece, and therefore on the stability of the Venetian rule as well. The preserved last testaments help shape the picture of the reception and position of the Mendicant orders in Renaissance Split while tombstones and archival graphical documents witness the popularity of the Franciscan Observant and Conventual friaries as a burial place of different classes of Split citizens - the noblemen were mostly buried in Poljud friary while citizenry and lower classes usually chose the Conventual friary of St. Francis. During the long decades of their existence the Franciscan Conventual and Dominican friaries in Split endured radical reconstructions, even total demolitions, so unfortunately not a very large number of Renaissance constructive and architectural-decorative elements, as well as movable inventory from the same period, are preserved. However, Poljud friary preserved most of the original forms and fittings of its functional units, albeit with alterations and extensions brought by the continuity of centuries long usage. A group of tombstones with stone frames decorated by vegetable motifs drawing their origin from the decorative repertoire of Nikola Firentinac stands out from the rich Renaissance layer of Poljud monastery. Well known attribution of one of those tombstones, the one with the figure of the young noblewoman, to Marin Vladić is yet another link to the Firentinac art circle, while the carved decoration of the Pavlović palace facade is in this dissertation also attributed to Vladić. The Poljud church main portal lunette relief is a high-quality Renaissance work, while due to relevant archival documents the origin date is proposed to be somewhat earlier then previously proposed first half of 16th century - last quarter of 15th century. Previous researchers have set the time of origin of the western church chapel to the mid-16th century, what was confirmed by the analysis of comparative material, while the time of origin of the eastern chapel is connected to the last will dated year 1531. The Renaissance colonnade of Poljud cloister and the stone elements of refectory were made in the first half of the 16th century, while the most valuable painting of the friary, the portrait of bishop Toma Nigris by Lorenzo Lotto, is dated in 1527. Poljud friary garden, a valuable example of Croatian Renaissance horticultural heritage, witnesses the affiliation of Observant Franciscans in the contemporary cultural flows, while the relations between Mendicant orders of Renaissance Split and the humanistic elite are witnessed by the examples of contacts and mutual influences of the two groups. Mendicants and humanists of Split were connected by the joint efforts regarding the activation of civil and church authorities, as well as the common men, towards the organised resistance to the Osman conquerors, through literal (mostly Latin) works of humanists, as well as the sermons of friars directed towards the widest audiences. |
