This paper presents the role and position of teachers and students in a Montessori school in comparison with the role and position of teachers and students in a regular school with a primary focus on their mutual relationship. The teacher and the student represent key actors within the institution of the school, and during the course of the teaching process they are in continuous interaction, so the relationship between them should be given special attention. Montessori school, as one of the most famous alternative conceptions of upbringing and education, is based on a different approach to the child, as well as the overall organization of educational work within the institution of the school. This paper will focus on the differences in the relationship between teachers and students in a regular school and a Montessori school, and will be presented based on some of the most relevant tasks of a teacher in both a regular school and a Montessori school. When it comes to the Montessori school, the relationship between the teacher and the student will be presented with regard to the teacher's tasks, which are the activity/passivity of the teacher, guidance by the teacher, directing the student towards independent activity when studying the material and correcting the student by the teacher, i.e. proofreading that is present in the didactic material itself, love as a relevant element in the relationship between teacher and student, ensuring independence in student work, supervision and control of student progress, and observation and waiting by the teacher. On the other hand, the relationship between teachers and students in a regular school will be shown through several tasks of teachers in the educational process, namely planning and leading the teaching process, preparing the environment for work, dominant teaching method and encouraging independent activity of students, managing discipline in class, monitoring, guiding and evaluating students, and punishing and praising students.