| Sažetak | Rimske kacige jedan su od najprepoznatljivijih aspekata panoplije rimskog ratnika te kasnije legionara. Iako je većina tipova kaciga pronesena antičkim svijetom nošena na glavama rimskih legija, njihovo izvorište oblika nipošto ne možemo vezati isključivo za Rim. Veliki utjecaj na razvoj kaciga imali su susjedi Rima. Za vrijeme Rimskog kraljevstva dominiraju grčko-italske i etrušćanske kacige, a za vrijeme Republike one su polako istisnute iz šire uporabe uplivom novih oblika keltske tradicije. Naposljetku svi su utjecaji ujedinjeni u prve kacige koje se mogu okarakterizirati kao rimske. Razne dorade, prilagodbe i elementi na kalotama novih rimskih oblika savršeno ogledavaju rimsku snalažljivost i potrebu za brzom adaptacijom. Najveći intenzitet razvoja novih tipova može se otprilike smjestiti u period od 2. st. pr. Kr do 2. st. po Kr. Na prostoru Hrvatske najčešće nalazimo kacige koje se vežu za vrijeme od 1. st. pr. Kr. do 1. st. po Kr. Ovdje se prvenstveno radi o tipovima Montefortino (B i C), Coolus/Hagenau (C, D, E), Weisenau (C, F, B). Korištenje ovih tipova kaciga vremenski korespondira turbolentnim vremenima konačnog razračunavanja Rima s plemenima na istočnojadranskoj obali. Zbog raznih povijesno-ekonomskih zbivanja u 3. st., polako se napuštaju tipovi nastali na „apeninskoj tradiciji“ te se preuzimaju novi, nastali pod utjecajem nadirujućih barbarskih naroda. U Hrvatskoj ovi su oblici puno manje arheološki posvjedočeni u odnosu na mlađe oblike kaciga. Nalazi se svode na polukalote u jako lošem stanju i par dijelova kaciga koji nam ne pružaju potpunu sliku o kacigama kojima su pripadali. Problem ne predstavlja sama količina pronađenih kaciga, bez obzira o kojem vremenskom intervalu govorimo, već okolnosti njihova pronalaska. Naime, većina primjeraka pronađena je izvan arheološkog konteksta, stoga je nemoguće odrediti bilo što drugo osim njezina tipa i grube kronološke odrednice. Jedan od problema jest i nedostatak sustavnih arheoloških istraživanja da se odgonetne šira slika okolnosti koje su dovele do deponiranja rimskih kaciga na tlu Hrvatske. U ovom će se radu pokušati interpretirati nalaze rimskih kaciga kroz prizmu burnih povijesnih događanja. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | Roman helmets are one of the most recognizable aspects of the panoply of a Roman warrior and later a legionnaire. Although most types of helmets carried through the ancient world were worn on the heads of the Roman legions, we can by no means attribute their origin to Rome exclusively. The neighbors of Rome had a great influence on the development of helmets. During the Roman Kingdom, Greco-Italian and Etruscan helmets dominated, and during the Republic, they were slowly pushed out of wider use by the influence of new forms of the Celtic tradition. Eventually, all influences were united in the first helmets that can be characterized as Roman. The various refinements, adaptations and elements on the calottes of the new Roman forms perfectly reflect the Roman resourcefulness and the need for quick adaptation. The greatest intensity of the development of new types can roughly be placed in the period of the 2nd century BC to the 2nd century AD. In Croatia, we most often find helmets that date back to the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD. These are primarily Montefortino (B and C), Coolus/Hagenau (C, D, E), Weisenau (C, F, B) types. The use of these types of helmets corresponds in time to the turbulent times of Rome's final reckoning with the tribes on the eastern Adriatic coast. Due to various historical and economic events in the 3rd century, the types created on the "Apennine tradition" were slowly abandoned, and new ones, created under the influence of invading barbarian peoples, were adopted. In Croatia, these forms are much less archeologically attested compared to younger forms of helmets. The finds are reduced to half-calottes in very bad condition and a few parts of helmets that do not give us a complete picture of the helmets they belonged to. The sheer amount of helmets found, regardless of which time interval we are talking about, is not a big problem as much as the circumstances of their discovery. Namely, most of the helmets were found outside the archaeological context, so it is impossible to determine anything other than its type and a rough chronological determination. We should also add the lack of systematic archaeological research to unravel the broader picture of the circumstances that led to the deposition of Roman helmets on Croatian soil. In this paper, an attempt will be made to interpret the finds of Roman helmets through the prism of stormy historical events. |
