The eyes are a paired organ of vision located in the eye cavities, made up of the eyeball and the optic nerve that continues into the visual pathway. The eyeball contains four parts: the fibrous and vascular sheath, the retina, and the optical device. The auxiliary organs of the eye include the facial formations and muscles in the eye cavity, as well as the obvious conjunctiva, the lacrimal system, the eyelids and eyebrows, and the bony sheaths that form the obvious cavity. To understand the optical system ok, it is necessary to first know the basic principles of optics, such as the physical principles of light refraction, light beam gathering in focal length, focal depth, etc. Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine, studying the structure and function of the eye in health and disease. It educates the pathology, clinical features and therapy of eye diseases and refractive anomalies of the eye. The development of vision complex is a process that begins before birth and continues to develop after birth. The most dynamic process takes place during the first 12 months of life, during which time most of the functions of vision are defined, reaching full maturity between the sixth and eighth year of a child's life. In early childhood, impaired vision development can significantly affect a child's psychomotor development, slowing him down in acquiring various skills such as playing sports, disrupting the learning process, and influencing behavior. Genetic inheritance and environmental influences affect the quality of vision.The aim of this paper is: to describe the anatomy and physiology of the eye, disease and conditions characteristic for the pediatric population, the role of the nurse in ophthalmic care and preventive programs.