| Sažetak | Tema ovoga rada je uloga žena u kulturnom životu Zadra u 19. i u prva dva desetljeća 20. stoljeća. Ciljevi istraživanja su utvrđivanje i interpretacija djelatnosti žena u kulturnopovijesnom kontekstu prema predviđenim istraživačkim polazištima. Temeljno polazište su izvori o sudjelovanju žena u kulturnim aktivnostima u prošlosti, što se u 19. stoljeću mijenjalo u skladu s društvenim i političkim promjenama, a istraživačka pitanja povezana su s uočavanjem ograničenja koja su se postavljala ženama, od nedostatnog školovanja, obiteljskih obaveza i zanemarivanja njihova djela nakon smrti. Istraživanje je provedeno u nekoliko arhiva i knjižnica u Dalmaciji, s težištem na izvorima u Državnom arhivu u Zadru. Obuhvaćeni su spisi Dalmatinskog namjesništva, ustanova, školskih vijeća, osobni spisi obitelji i pojedinaca te razne publikacije objavljene u Zadru. Pratile su se kulturne, prosvjetne i umjetničke aktivnosti žena zabilježene u navedenim izvorima i njihova recepcija u historiografiji. U širokom spektru raznih uloga u kojima su se žene pojavljivale uočava se velika raspršenost informacija o njima, a zbog načina života i zanemarivanja njihova djela većina ih je kasnije zaboravljena. Rad je podijeljen na dvije vremenske cjeline uvjetovane ulogom žena i njihovim položajem koji se mijenja nakon 1880. godine. Do tada su se žene rijetko javljale kao autorice, i to na hrvatskome i talijanskom jeziku. Ipak, u to vrijeme u Zadru su objavljivale najpoznatije dalmatinske književnice toga doba: Ana Vidović, Ana Vrdoljak i Carolina Degiovanni Luxardo. Od 1880. godine država posvećuje veću pažnju školovanju ženske djece pa se veliki broj hrvatskih učiteljica zapošljava u pučkim školama diljem Dalmacije. One su svoje književne, publicističke i stručne priloge objavljivale u zadarskom tisku, u čemu se posebno istakla Erminija Bracanović Feranda, prva stalna suradnica zadarskih novina. U Zadru su u to vrijeme objavljivale i druge književnice: Elda Gianelli i Vinka Beatrice Šperac na talijanskom jeziku, Marija Jurić Zagorka, Zdenka Marković, Adela Milčinović, Milka Pogačić i Štefa Iskra na hrvatskome i Zofka Kveder na slovenskome. Iako se radi o priznatim autoricama, njihove objave u Zadru nisu prikazane u književnoj historiografiji. Žene su sudjelovale u kulturnom životu grada, o čemu su redovito pisale novine koje su pratile likovni, muzički i kazališni život, a zadarske slikarice i glazbenice (Antonietta i Itala Bogdanović, Zoe Borelli, Polyxena Alačević i druge) postizale su velike uspjehe u zemlji i inozemstvu, što je kasnije zanemareno. Aktivnosti žena za vrijeme Prvoga svjetskog rata izazivale su pozornost javnosti, ali kako se društvo prilagođavalo novim političkim okolnostima i podjelama, od kojih je prva podjela na muške i, manje važne, ženske poslove i to je kasnije zanemareno. O tome svjedoče izvori koji otkrivaju nastojanja institucija i pojedinaca u ograničavanju žena u zapošljavanju i pojedinačnim kreativnim istupima. U radu se ukazuje na nužnost promjena u pristupu izvorima jer se djelatnost žena u prošlosti nije vrednovala na odgovarajući način i upućuje na revalorizaciju njihova doprinosa u korpusu povijesti hrvatske kulture. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | The subject of this paper is the role of women in the cultural life of Zadar in the 19th and the first two decades of the 20th century. The objectives of the research were to determine and interpret the activities of women in the cultural and historical context according to the foreseen research bases. The fundamental points were the sources about women participation in the cultural activities of the past, which has been subject to changes throughout the 19th century in the line of social and political changes. The research questions were related to the observation of the restrictions imposed onto women, such as insufficient education, family obligations and the negligence of the work after death. The research was carried out at several archives and libraries in Dalmatia, focusing on sources in the State Archives in Zadar. The research covered the records pertaining to Dalmatian government, institutions, personal records of families and individuals, including also various publications that were printed in Zadar as well. The variety of cultural, educational and artistic women activities, that have been recorded in the mentioned sources as well, and their historiographical reception of these have been analysed. The distinctiveness of such approach is in a wide-ranging review of the variety of roles women had appeared to be taking, but this has led to large dispersal or inaccessibility of information about them. The way they had lived and the disregard for their work has led to their marginalization of majority of them later on, especially in the official historiography and historical insights. The composition of this paper, covering two periods, is conditioned by the role of women and their status. In the period since the beginning of the 19th century until the 1880s, the status of the women and their relation in regards to their cultural role in the Zadar society has been considered. During that period in Zadar rarely appeared as the authors in the Croatian and Italian languages. However, at that time the works of the most famous Dalmatian writers of that period (Ana Vidović, Ana Vrdoljak and Carolina Degiovanni Luxardo) were published in Zadar. Since 1880, also the State has been paying more attention to the education of female children, so the large number of Croatian female teachers have been employed in public schools throughout Dalmatia. They have been publishing their professional and literary works in the Zadar press, in particular Erminija Bracanović Feranda, who was also the first female journalist in Zadar. At that time, also recognized writers were publishing in Zadar: Elda Gianelli and Vinka Beatrice Šperac in Italian language, Marija Jurić Zagorka, Zdenka Marković, Adela Milčinović, Milka Pogačić and Štefa Iskra in Croatian and Zofka Kveder in Slovenian language. Despite of their recognition as authors, their publishing activity in Zadar has been ignored by literary historiography. Nevertheless, women actively participated in the cultural city life, and the newspapers in Zadar regularly talked about artistic, musical and theatre events dominated by noble women and bourgeoisie educated abroad. Female painters and musicians, who had achieved great success in their youth both at home and abroad, have remained neglected and quickly forgotten in Zadar, such as Antonietta and Itala Bogdanović, Polyxena Alačević or Zoe Borelli. The engagement of women during the First World War caused public attention. At the same time, the society has been adapting to the new social and political divisions, including the division of male and female roles, so this engagement has been neglected later on. This paper interprets the sources that present the efforts of institutions and individuals towards women limitation, from their education and employment to individual creative expression. It points out to the necessity of the changes in regards to the accessibility to the resources because the engagement of women in the past has not been adequately evaluated. It also points out to the revaluation of their contribution to the history of Croatian culture. |
