Descartes's substance dualism can be described as the starting point for later antireductionist theories, which will try to prove with their arguments that besides the physical properties there is another species, namely the mental properties which cannot be reduced to physical properties. In addition to the substance dualism, epiphenomenalism will be emphasized, which will try solve the problem of mental causation in such way, that it will argue that certain mental attributes come from physical processes without the ability or causation of such physical properties. In addition, there is also a significant view that Chalmers calls naturalistic dualism, according to which mental properties should be understood as fundamental facts of the world, which is also something that natural sciences do to make their theory complete. Naturalistic dualism will try to solve the problem of the explanatory gap, as well as the problems of mental causation, which are considered redundant since all physical properties derive from physical causes.