Introduction. Anesthesiology is a branch of medicine focused on patient care before, during and after surgery. Thromboprophylaxis represents a very important segment in anesthesiology. It provides protection against thromboembolic diseases, such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. It is extremely important for nursing practice to be able to recognize the signs of thrombosis, so that the problem can be solved as soon as possible. Aim and objective. To study and explain pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods of perioperative antithrombotic protection. Discussion. The first step in the assessment of thromboembolic risk is the preoperative assessment of the patient in the preoperative anesthesia clinic, where the risk of bleeding and thromboembolism is also assessed. The risk assessment is based on the extent of the surgery, the results of the CHADS2 scoring scale, and the patient's medical history. We also divide the operative procedures themselves into low, medium and high risk. Antithrombotic protection consists of non-pharmacological and pharmacological methods, which aim to prevent thromboembolic complications. Heparin, vitamin K antagonists and new oral anticoagulants belong to pharmacological methods of perioperative antithrombotic protection. Conclusion. Perioperative antithrombotic protection is a key component in anesthesiology practice, which contributes to patient safety and the successful outcome of surgical procedures. The nurses’ role is extremely important in the prevention of thromboembolic complications, from the application of protection methods to the recognition of the clinical picture if they occur.