| Sažetak | U radu „Afrički import iz hrvatskog podmorja od I. do V. stoljeća“ analiziraju se nalazi koji potječu s područja sjeverne Afrike, a koji su nađeni na jadranskim podvodnim nalazištima i datiraju se u period između I. i V. st. Kronološke odrednice koje su definirale period interesa su početak intenzivnijeg trgovačkog importa s područja sjeverne Afrike na nalazištima u hrvatskom podmorju nakon sredine I. st., dok je kao gornja granica određen period oko sredine V. st., vremena provale Vandala i gašenja afričkih provincija, što je dovelo do promjena u trgovačkim vezama između ova dva područja. Istraživanja su obuhvatila prikupljanje svih dostupnih podataka o arheološkim nalazima afričke provenijencije koji su evidentirani u hrvatskom podmorju. U najvećem broju, riječ je o nalazima različitih formi amfora, zatim sigilatnog i kuhinjskog posuđa, a u manjoj mjeri i drugog uporabnog keramičkog posuđa, uljanica i građevinskog materijala. Ovi su nalazi evidentirani u različitim kontekstima kao što su brodolomi, luke, pristaništa i sidrišta. Podatci su prikupljani proučavanjem dostupne literature, arhivskim istraživanjem starih izvješća s podvodnih arheoloških rekognosciranja i iskopavanja, analizom i obradom muzejske građe, te revizijom dijela istraženih nalazišta, kao i prikupljanjem podataka tijekom novih podvodnih arheoloških istraživanja. Svi keramički nalazi su tipološki obrađeni, definirane su njihove forme i područja na kojima su se proizvodili. Nalazišta na kojim su pojedine forme pronađene su kataloški obrađena, a najvažnija su i detaljnije opisana u svrhu boljeg razumijevanja promjena u intenzitetu i smjerovima kretanja afričkog importa prema Jadranu. Iako su se afrički keramički nalazi proizvodili u većem broju provincija, najveća količina potječe iz provincije Africa Proconsularis koja je za Dioklecijana podijeljena na dvije provincije, Zeugitana i Byzacena. Na području ovih provincija zabilježena je proizvodnja brojnih formi amfora i keramičkog posuđa koje je činilo glavninu importa kojeg nalazimo u podmorju Jadrana. Puno rjeđe su u Jadranu zabilježeni proizvodi koji su se transportirani iz provincija Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, Mauretania i Aegyptus. Osim činjenice da većina afričkog importa potječe s područja provincije Africa Proconsularis, temeljem analize nalaza je zaključeno da se njegov intenzitet mijenjao tijekom stoljeća. Afričke amfore u nešto većem broju se počinju javljati tek sredinom II. st. (varijante Africana II, Tripolitana I i III), ali će import amfora i proizvoda koje su prenosile doseći vrhunac tek tijekom IV. st. Iz tog perioda potječe većina brodoloma s teretom afričkih amfora u podmorju Jadrana, a najzastupljenije su forme Africana III, nađene na gotovo polovici svih jadranskih nalazišta na kojima je afrički materijal evidentiran. Još uvijek nije sa sigurnošću određena primarna svrha ovih amfora, ali prema novijim analizama i istraživanjima izgleda da su u prvom redu služile za transport vina i različitih ribljih prerađevina, za razliku od maslinovog ulja koje se ranije smatralo glavnim sadržajem ovih formi. Sigilatni nalazi se na jadranskim nalazištima počinju se javljati krajem I. st., većinom pripadaju A produkciji sigilate koja se proizvodila na sjeveru Tunisa do polovice III. st. kada joj proizvodnja zamire. Njeno mjesto tijekom III. i IV. st. zauzima A/D produkcija te u određenoj mjeri i C produkcija s područja centralnog Tunisa, a tijekom IV. i V. st. su najčešći sigilatni nalazi D produkcije iz sjevernog Tunisa. Kuhinjska keramika je zabilježena na brojnim nalazištima što nas dovodi do zaključka da je bila relativno jeftina i lako dostupna na čitavom mediteranskom tržištu. Nalazi uljanica rijetko se nalaze u podmorskim kontekstima, najčešće kao pojedinačni primjerci. I sigilatno i kuhinjsko posuđe, kao i uljanice se rijetko nalaze na brodolomima kao teret, najčešće imaju funkciju uporabnih predmeta koji su služili brodskoj posadi, te se još uvijek ne mogu razjasniti modeli kojima su se uvozili prema našem području, iako bi teorija o putovanju ovakvog jeftinijeg keramičkog materijala kao sekundarnog tereta s nekom vrstom vrjednijih prehrambenih proizvoda koji se do danas u podmorju nisu očuvali mogla biti jedna od glavnih pretpostavki. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | The thesis "African import recovered from the Croatian seabed from the 1st to the 5th century" offers an analysis of finds originally from north Africa that have been found at the Adriatic underwater sites and dated to the period between the 1st and the 5th century. The period under study was defined by the chronological determinants such as the beginning of more intense trade import from the north African region evidenced at the Croatian underwater sites after the mid-1st century while the the upper chronological border corresponds to the mid-5th century, when the Vandals invaded Africa and African provinces disappeared from the historical scene, leading to changes in trade relations between these two regions. The research was focused on collecting all available data about the archaeological finds of African provenance recovered from the Croatian seabed. Majority of these finds refer to different forms of amphorae, then sigillata and cooking ware, and also other ceramic ware less plentiful though, oil lamps and building material. These finds were evidenced in different contexts such as shipwrecks, ports, docks and anchorages. The information was collected through studying avaialable literature, archival research of old reports from underwater archaeological surveys, analysis and treatment of the museum holdings, and through revised research of some of explored sites as well as collecting data in new underwater archaeological research. All collected finds were analyzed typologically, their forms were defined as well as the regions where they were produced. The find sites of certain forms were listed in a catalogue, and the most important ones were described in more detail in order to illustrate changes in intensity and directions of spreading of the African import in the Adriatic. Although African ceramic finds were produced in a number of provinces, most finds originate from the province of Africa Proconsularis that was divided in two provinces, Zeugitana and Byzacena. Production of a number of forms of amphorae and ceramic ware was evidenced in the area of these provinces, exactly the forms that make the majority of import found on the Adriatic seabed. Products transported from the provinces of Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, Mauretania and Aegyptus are far less frequent. Except for the fact that most of import originated from the region of the province of Africa Proconsularis, analysis of the finds has indicated that the import intensity changed over centuries. African amphorae became more common only in the mid-2nd century (variants Africana II, Tripolitana I and III), but the import of amphorae and products they contained reached the peak only in the 4th century which is exactly the period to which most shipwrecks in the Adriatic with the cargo of African amphorae are dated. Form Africana III is most common, recovered from almost half of all Adriatic sites containing African finds. Primary function of these amphorae has not been determined with certainty, but most recent analyses and research suggest that they were used for transporting wine and fish products, although previously it was assumed that it was olive oil. Sigillata finds started occuring at the Adriatic sites at the end of the 1st century, mostly belonging to A production of sigillata that was made in northern Tunisia until the mid-3rd century when its production ceased. Its place was taken by A/D production in the 3rd and 4th centuries, and to a certain degree C production from the central Tunisia region. In the 4th and 5th centuries sigillata finds of D production from north Tunisia are most common. Cooking ware was found at a number of sites suggesting that it was rather cheap and easily available on the entire Mediterranean market. Finds of oil lamps are rare in underwater contexts, usually as individual examples. Both sigillata and cooking ware as well as oil lamps are rarely found in shipwrecks as cargo, usually they were used by the ship crew so it remains unknown how they were imported to our regions although the theory on transport of this cheap ceramic material as secondary cargo with some kind of more valuable food products that are not preserved in the underwater contexts could be one of more probable assumptions. |
