The methods of replacement treatment of renal failure are elaborated in the thesis paper. The aim of this paper is to present the anatomy and physiology of the kidney; to define and describe the pathogenesis of renal failure; to present the features of haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation as a method of replacement treatment of renal failure. Different types of dialysis and transplantation are methods used in order to compensate for renal function. The role of replacement therapy in renal failure is extremely important given that renal failure also means the inability to excrete excess fluid and toxic substances from the body. The replacement treatment ensures the establishment of the balance of water and electrolytes in the body. Timely reaction plays a key role in the success of replacement therapy for renal failure, because a timely approach greatly prevents the occurrence of acute renal damage. The paper presents the basics for the application of haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation.