| Sažetak | Ovaj rad bavi se odnosom sovjetskih vlasti prema Staljinu nakon njegove smrti pa do
konačnog raspada Sovjetskog Saveza 1991. godine. Poslije Staljinove smrti 1953. godine na
čelu Sovjetskog Saveza izmijenilo se nekoliko ličnosti, od kojih se svaka na svoj način
pokušala obračunati s bivšim Staljinovim režimom. Prvi Staljinov nasljednik – Maljenkov,
među prvima je javno osudio Staljinov kult ličnosti. Nakon Maljenkova vlast u SSSR-u
pripala je antistaljinistu Nikiti Hruščovu. Na XX. kongresu KPSS-a 1956. godine, poznatim
„tajnim govorom“ Hruščova službeno je započeo proces destaljinizacije u Sovjetskom
Savezu. Hruščov je osudio Staljinov totalitarni režim, političke čistke tijekom 30-ih godina,
represije koje je Staljin provodio na stanovništvom, a posebno Staljinov kult ličnosti. Obračun
sa Staljinovom politikom Hruščov je iskazao rehabilitacijom osuđenika iz Staljinovog
razdoblja terora, ublažavanjem cenzure u tisku i medijima, ali i sve rjeđim spominjanjem
Staljinovog imena u javnosti. S obzirom da sovjetsko društvo nije bilo spremno na zaokret u
pogledu bivšeg vođe, javile su se podjele na one koji su prihvatili destaljinizaciju i na
branitelje Staljina. Usprkos podjeljenim mišljenjima u sovjetskom društvu, na XXII. kongresu
KPSS-a 1961. godine došlo je do novog vala destaljinizacije. Uz ponovno osudu Staljina i
njegovih zločina, Staljinovo tijelo je, iz zajedničkog mauzoleja s Lenjinom, premješteno izvan
zidina Kremlja, a gradu Staljingrad dodijeljen je nov naziv – Volgograd. Unatoč odlučnosti
partijskog vrha da raskine s politikom i nasljeđem Staljina, Hruščovljev odlazak s vlasti 1964.
godine zaustavio je proces destaljinizacije, a sovjetsko društvo ostavio podijeljenim.
Dolaskom na vlast Brežnjeva 1964. godine i smjenom partijskog kadra, u državnom su
se vrhu suprotstavile grupe antistaljinista i zagovaratelja Staljina. Zbog dvojbi i neodlučnosti
najčešće se posezalo za tzv. politikom prešućivanja, pa se Staljinovo ime sve rjeđe spominjalo
u javnosti. Ipak, dopušteno je objavljivanje knjiga Staljinovih vojnih zapovjednika, u kojima
je Staljin pozitivno ocijenjen, a u javnosti su bile dobro prihvaćene. Općenito gledano,
mišljenje o Staljinu bilo je sve pozitivnije, ali zbog straha od reakcija u društvu partijski vrh
nije u javnosti izražavao konkretan i jasan stav.
U kratkom prijelaznom razdoblju između vlasti Brežnjeva i Gorbačova (1982. – 1985.
godine) provedena je manja rehabilitacija bivših partijskih dužnosnika, koju je proveo
Černjenko. Godine 1985. na vlast je došao Gorbačov. U prvim godinama vladanja njegov stav
prema Staljinu bio je dvosmislen. No, kako su neki od glavnih ciljeva Gorbačova bili uvođenje demokracije i javno preispitivanje sovjetske povijesti, on je morao jasno izraziti stav
prema Staljinu i njegovoj politici. Tako je i Gorbačov osudio Staljina, pa je tijekom
posljednjih godina postojanja Sovjetskog Saveza u partijskom vrhu, ali i sovjetskom društvu
prevladavalo antistaljinističko ozračje. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | This bachelor thesis analyses Soviet authorities’ attitude towards Stalin from after his
death until the Fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. After Stalin’s death in 1953, several figures
altered on the position of the Soviet leader, each with their own way of dealing with Stalin’s
former regime. Stalin’s first successor Malenkov was one of the first to publicly condemn the
harmfulness of Stalin’s cult of personality. Malenkov was succeeded by an anti-Stalinist
Nikita Khrushchev who then became the new leader of the USSR. His “Secret Speech”
delivered at the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in
1956 officially marked the beginning of the de-Stalinization of the state. Khrushchev
denounced Stalin’s totalitarian regime, political purges in the 1930s, repression against the
general population and his cult of personality. Some of the measures taken against Stalin’s
policies were: the rehabilitation of prisoners who were convicted during Stalin’s terror, the
relaxation of censorship rules, and the removal of Stalin’s name from everything that was
named after him. Since the Soviet society was not ready to change their mind about their
former leader, there also existed those who accepted the process of de-Stalinization and
defended of Stalin. Despite divided opinions in the Soviet society, the process of de-
Stalinization culminated in 1961 at the Twenty-Second Congress of CPSU. Apart from further
condemnation of Stalin and his crimes, it was decided at the Congress that Stalin’s body was
to be transferred from Lenin’s mausoleum in the Red Square outside the Kremlin walls, and
that the city of Stalingrad was to be renamed to Volgograd. Despite the determination of the
Party’s leadership to break Stalin’s politics and legacy, Khrushchev’s fall from power in 1964
halted the process of de- Stalinization and left divided the Soviet society.
When Brezhnev became the new leader of the Soviet Union in 1964 and subsequently
reorganized the party cadre, many of the Soviet officials supported Stalin, while others were
anti-Stalinists. Due to doubts and irresolution, Stalin’s name was mentioned as rarely as
possible. Nevertheless, books written by Stalin’s military commanders, in which he was
positively evaluated, were well-received. Generally speaking, Stalin was starting to be seen as
a positive figure, but since the Party’s leadership was afraid of the people’s reaction, they
didn’t publicly express their opinion.
In the short transition period that separated the eras of Brezhnev and Gorbachev (1982
– 1985), Chernenko conducted a rehabilitation of former party functionaries. In 1985 Gorbachev came to power. During his first years in office, his attitude towards Stalin was
ambiguous. However, since some of Gorbachev’s main goals were the public scrutiny of
Soviet history and the introduction of democracy, he had to clearly express his opinion on
Stalin and his policies. Once Gorbachev denounced Stalin, an anti-Stalinist attitude started to
prevail in the Soviet society and within the Communist party, especially during the last years
of the Soviet Union. |
