Title Utjecaj upute na rasuđivanje i meta-rasuđivanje u zadacima temeljnog omjera
Title (english) The influence of instruction type on reasoning and meta-reasoning in base rate tasks
Author Tamara Cakić
Mentor Pavle Valerjev (mentor)
Committee member Pavle Valerjev (predsjednik povjerenstva)
Committee member Nataša Šimić (član povjerenstva)
Committee member Matilda Nikolić Ivanišević (član povjerenstva)
Granter University of Zadar (Department of Psychology) Zadar
Defense date and country 2020-09-22, Croatia
Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline SOCIAL SCIENCES Psychology
Abstract Istraživanja ljudskog rasuđivanja odavno su pokazala da intuitivno razmišljanje može dovesti do pristranih zaključaka koji nisu u skladu s logičkim načelima. Istaknuti dvoprocesni modeli, koji mišljenje prikazuju kao interakciju intuitivnih (Tip 1) i analitičkih (Tip 2) misaonih procesa, ponudili su razumno objašnjenje tog zapažanja. Prema njima, logičko rasuđivanje primjer je kognitivno napornog zadatka koji iziskuje svjesno razmišljanje. Međutim, tijekom posljednjih godina rastući broj dokaza prikupljenih novim eksperimentalnim paradigmama doveo je u pitanje tradicionalnu dvoprocesnu klasifikaciju. Ključno otkriće jest da ljudi imaju sposobnost intuitivnog procesiranja na temelju logičkih principa u klasičnim zadacima rasuđivanja. U skladu s tom idejom, predstavljen je alternativni hibridni model rasuđivanja (Pennycook, Fugelsang i Koehler, 2015). Prema ovom suvremenom stajalištu, koje je ujedno i teorijski okvir ovog istraživanja, ljudski uspjeh i iskustvo konflikta tijekom rasuđivanja određeni su apsolutnom i relativnom snagom dvaju natjecateljskih intuicija – heurističke i logičke. Što je razlika u njihovoj snazi manja, to je konflikt jači. Detekcija konflikta smatra se pokretačem analitičkih procesa. U posljednje vrijeme, mnogi istraživači nastoje objasniti prirodu nadzornih i kontrolnih procesa koji se nalaze u pozadini detekcije konflikta. Teoretski i istraživački okvir koji im to omogućava naziva se meta-rasuđivanje (Ackerman i Thompson, 2014), u čijem su središtu procesi na kojima se temelje metakognitivne procjene. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati utjecaj vrste upute (rasuđivanje u skladu s vjerovanjem ili statističkom vjerojatnošću) na uspjeh i metakognitivne procjene u zadacima temeljnog omjera. Vrsta upute varirala se u svrhu slabljenja ili jačanja snage logičke intuicije za koju se pretpostavalja da vodi prema izboru logičkog odgovora (u skladu s temeljnim omjerom, odnosno matematičkom vjerojatnošću). U istraživanju se koristila paradigma dvaju odgovora. Ispitanici su inicijalni odgovor davali pod vremenskim pritiskom kako bi se osiguralo da je on ujedno i produkt intuitivnog rasuđivanja. Rezultati pokazuju kako ispitanici u obje skupine brže odgovaraju na kongruentne nego na nekongruentne zadatke, a usto su i sigurniji u točnost kongruentnih u odnosu na nekongruentne odgovore. Nalazi su načelno u skladu s postavkama hibridnog modela te pokazuju da, neovisno o vrsti upute, detekcija konflikta predstavlja uzlazni (eng. bottom-up) izvor analitičkih procesa.
Abstract (english) Studies on human reasoning have long concluded that intuitions can bias inference and result in violations of logical principles. Prominent dual-process models, which portray thinking as an interplay between intuitive (Type 1) and deliberate (Type 2) thought processes, have offered a reasonable account for this observation. According to this explanation, logical reasoning is an example of a task that demands effortful deliberate thinking. However, in recent years, amassing evidence obtained with novel experimental paradigms have brought into question the traditional dual-process characterization. A crucial finding is that people can process logical principles in classic reasoning tasks intuitively and without deliberation. In accordance with this idea, an alternative hybrid model has been proposed (Pennycook, Fugelsang & Koehler, 2015). According to this modern view, which was also a theoretical framework for the present study, people's intuitive reasoning performance and experience of conflict are considered to be determined by the absolute and relative strength of two competing intuitions - heuristic and logical. The smaller the strength disparity between the two intuitions, the greater the conflict. Conflict detection is deemed to be an initiator of analytic engagement. Many researchers have recently taken interest in illuminating the nature of conflict monitoring and control. The framework that allows them to do so is called meta-reasoning (Ackerman i Thompson, 2014), and it is focused on explaining the processes that underlie the formation of metacognitive judgments. The present study aimed to examine the influence of instruction type (reasoning according to belief or statistics) on the performance and metacognitive judgments in the base rate tasks. The instruction type was varied to affect the strength of the logical intuition that is hypothesized to cue selection of the base-rate response. The data were obtained utilizing the two response paradigm. Participants were required to give an initial response under time-pressure, which allows for identifying the presumed intuitively generated question. The results show that participants in both groups are quicker to respond to congruent than to incongruent problems. Also, they are more confident in the accuracy of congruent than incongruent answers. The findings, which are generally in line with the proposed hybrid model, suggest that, regardless of the instruction type, conflict detection in incongruent tasks serves as a bottom-up source of analytic processes.
Keywords
dvoprocesni pristup
rasuđivanje
metakognicija
zadatak temeljnog omjera
detekcija konflikta
Keywords (english)
dual-process approach
reasoning
metacognition
base rate neglect
conflict detection
Language croatian
URN:NBN urn:nbn:hr:162:620809
Study programme Title: Psychology Study programme type: university Study level: undergraduate Academic / professional title: sveučilišni/a prvostupnik/prvostupnica (baccalaureus/baccalaurea) psihologije (sveučilišni/a prvostupnik/prvostupnica (baccalaureus/baccalaurea) psihologije)
Type of resource Text
File origin Born digital
Access conditions Open access
Terms of use
Created on 2020-10-14 13:49:03