Title Mjesto i značaj pješaštva u strategiji ratovanja ranog novog vijeka
Title (english) Position and importance of infantry during the early modern era
Author Ivo Krilić
Mentor Milorad Pavić (mentor)
Committee member Milorad Pavić (predsjednik povjerenstva)
Committee member Mateo Bratanić (član povjerenstva)
Committee member Antun Nekić (član povjerenstva)
Granter University of Zadar (Department of History) Zadar
Defense date and country 2018-10-10, Croatia
Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline HUMANISTIC SCIENCES History Early Croatian and World History
Abstract Sve u svemu, trebalo bi naglasiti da je razvoj i uloga pješaštva u strategiji ratovanja ranog novog vijeka proces a ne jednokratna i brza preobrazba. Od kasnog srednjeg vijeka i sukoba u Francuskoj za vrijeme Stogodišnjeg rata, ratni će vihor zahvatiti i obližnja kraljevstva od kojih su neka i bila posljedica samog sukoba u Francuskoj, poput Burgundije. Velike bitke tog sukoba koji je bjesnio više od stoljeća su po prvi puta pokazale da teška konjica u sukobu većeg razmjera ipak može biti potučena. Burgundija kao i car Maksimilijan I. su naučili na teži način da se pješaštvo švicarskih kantona više ne može konvencionalno rastjerati konjicom poput običnih kmetova. Naime, Švicarci su kroz sukobe sa svojim susjedima razvili daleko bolju, uređeniju i profesionalniju vojsku. Uz to Švicarci su u kratkom periodu vremena mogli dići na oružje velik broj vojnika čime se nije mogao pohvaliti niti jedan monarh tog vremena. Osim novih taktika i manevara koji su rigorozno uvježbani od vojnika kantona, oprema pojedinih vojnika rasla je s iskustvom i zarađenim novcem. S vremenom upravo je novac postao glavna okosnica te motivacija Švicaraca da se uključe u bitke svojeg vremena. Kada su se prestali boriti za vlastiti život i samostalnost kantonalni su vojnici postali najbolja vojska svojeg vremena koja je počela ratovati za višu ponudu. S obzirom da se sistem novačenja i ratovanja počeo oslanjati na iskusne profesionalce koji su esencijalno bili plaćenici neminovno se trebala oglasiti i konkurencija. Nakon kratkotrajnog švicarskog monopola na burzi rata na bojna polja dolaze njemački landsknechtovi koji ih naravno ne izbacuju s istih nego stvaraju profesionalno rivalstvo koje će plaćati novac europskih monarha. Ubrzo će sukobi tih monarha u Italiji dovesti još jednu jedinicu na bojna polja. Rastuća velesila na zapadu, Španjolska, odnedavno ujedinjena Izabelinim i Ferdinandovim brakom, na krilima uspjeha reconquiste, postat će njihovu unuku dio ogromnog nasljedstva te izvora resursa i izvanrednih vojnika koji će pod tutorstvom još boljih zapovjednika i kroz teško iskustvo rata postati treće dominantno pješaštvo pod imenom španjolski terciosi. Dobra se vijest širi sporo, loša brzo, ali obje iza onih o ishodima i prirodi velikih bitki te geopolitičkog razmještanja turbulentne Europe. Škotima nije trebalo dugo da shvate da se konvencija ratovanja kreće u nepredvidljivom smjeru i da se po prvi puta s novim oružjem i taktikama mogu poraziti moćne, srednjovjekovne vojske banderijskog ustroja. Stoga, treba istaknuti da je promjena načina ratovanja putem novih izuma, oružja, broja uvježbanih vojnika te njihova novačenja uvelike promijenila način na koji će se buduće bitke kao i ratovi voditi. Ipak, do te promjene je došlo lančano, uz iskustvo i krave sukobe iz kojih će gubitnička strana imati priliku učiti dok će pobjednička strana slaviti.
Abstract (english) All in all it should be emphasised that the development and role of infantry in the strategy of warfare in the early modern era was a process and not the one-time, quick transformation. Since the late medieval period and conflicts in France in the period of the hundred year war, the tide of war will engulf the neighbouring kingdoms of which some were the direct consequence of the war in France, like Burgundy. Big battles of that war which raged for more than a century had proven that even the heavy cavalry in the conflict of a bigger magnitude can be beaten. Burgundy like the emperor Maximilian I. had learned the hard way that the infantry of the Swiss cantons cannot be conventionally routed like the common knaves. In fact, Swiss developed through the conflicts with their neighbour’s, far better, professionalised army. With that fact Swiss also could raise a formidable army in a short period of time. That was also the trait that very few European monarchs of that time could complement themselves with. Beside new tactics and manoeuvres witch were rigorously trained by men of the cantons, equipment of an individual soldier had progressed with experience and expansion of their budget. With time money became main motivation of the Swiss to enter the battles. When they stopped fighting for their lives and independence they became the best army of their period without employment which led them to fight for a higher bid. With the fact that a levy system and warfare in general became dependent on an experienced professionals which were essentially mercenaries, in time Swiss finally got their competition. After a short Swiss monopoly on the market of war battlefields will be flooded with German landsknechts who won’t push out the Swiss from the conflicts but make a professional rivalry paid by the money of the European monarchs. Meanwhile the conflicts of these monarchs in Italy will bring one more infantry unit on the battlefields. Growing power on the west, Spain, recently united by the marriage of the Isabella and Ferdinand and carried on the wings of the success of the Reconquista will become one of the most important holdings and sources of resources and fine soldiers for the grandson of the king and queen of Spain. Under the tutorship of even finer commanders Spanish soldiers will become the third most important infantry unit on the battlefields of Europe known as the Spanish tercios. Good news spread slowly, bad ones quickly, but both after those about outcomes and nature of guidance of wars and geopolitical carvings of a turbulent Europe. It didn’t take long for Scots to realise that the convention of war is heading towards unpredictable direction and that for the first time with the new weapons and tactics an old European army organised around heavy cavalry can be beaten. In the end it is worth mentioning that the transformation of warfare trough new inventions, weapons, numbers of trained soldiers and new levy system had changed the ways of fighting battles and even wars. On the other hand those changes came consequently with experience and bloody conflicts from which losing side had a chance to learn and winning one to celebrate.
Keywords
rat
opsade
oružja
helebardisti
kopljanici
arkebuziri
Švicarci
Škoti
Španjolci
landsknechtovi
kralj
car
papa
Italija
Francuska
Škotska
Njemačka
Španjolska
Keywords (english)
war
sieges
weapons
halberd
spear
arkebuze
Swiss
Scots
Spaniards
landsknecht
king
emperor
pope
Italy
France
Scotland
Germany
Spain
Language croatian
URN:NBN urn:nbn:hr:162:531520
Study programme Title: History Study programme type: university Study level: undergraduate Academic / professional title: sveučilišni/a prvostupnik / prvostupnica (baccalaureus / baccalaurea) povijesti (sveučilišni/a prvostupnik / prvostupnica (baccalaureus / baccalaurea) povijesti)
Type of resource Text
File origin Born digital
Access conditions Access restricted to students and staff of home institution
Terms of use
Created on 2018-12-18 13:49:11