The most common primary tumors of the mediastinum are neurogenic tumors, thymomas, lymphomas, germ cells tumors. Much more often than the primary tumors in the mediastinum, traces of malignant tumors of other primary sites are found. Mediastinal tumors are asymptomatic for a long time and often tend to be a random finding on routine examination, for example lung cancer. They manifest as unspecific symptoms such as weakness, allergy, dry cough, dyspnea, unclear chest pain and later as symptoms of obstruction in the mediastinum - upper hollow vein syndrome, dysphagia, hoarseness. Among adults, most of the tumors are located in the frontal mediastinum (55%), followed by the back side (25%) and finally in the visceral mediastinum (20%). When it comes to children, the situation is somewhat different, with the largest number of tumors being found on the back side (63%), then in the front (26%) and finally in the visceral part (11%). The mediastinal tumor frequency is very small and amounts to only about 0.1%. It appears evenly among both women and men and among all age groups, but most often among elders or infants. Given the large number of different organs in the mediastinum, the etiology and pathogenesis of these tumors vary. Mediastinal tumors are very diverse in terms of histological origin, and therefore in biological characteristics. In general, it can be said that benign tumors have a very good to excellent prognosis. Benign tumors are cured surgically with the healing potential up to 100%. Malignant tumors are cured surgically, with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, they often recur and demonstrate aggressive behaviors.